Frequency modulation



March 11, 1952 M. A. MCCOY FREQUENCY MODULATION 5 Sheets-Sheet Filed Feb. 21, 1949 INVENTOR. MARCUS A. wcor BY v ATTORN Y March 11, 1952 M, A. MccoY FREQUENCY MODULATION 3 Sheets-Sheet Filed Feb. 21, 1949 INVENTOR. MARCUS A. M COY ATTORNEY March 11, 1952 ccoy 2,588,551

' FREQUENCY MODULATION Filed Feb. 21, 1949 3 Sheets-$heet 3 INVENTOR. MARCUS A. MCOV 0 BY FREQUENCY-6X5 a g Q? A T TORNE Y Patented Mar. 11, 1952 c p c v v FREQUENCY MODULATION r y Marc us A. McCoyQLos Angeles; Califl, assignor to United Geophysical Company, Inc., Pasadena,

: Calif., a corporation of California Application February 21,1949, SerialNo;77,513 1 V 15 Claims.

This invention relates to frequency modulation,

and has for its principal object to'providea fre quency modulation system which is relatively simple in its arrangement and operation,v and which is capable'of producing frequency swingof the carrier frequency which is proportional'to the modulating voltage over a considerable range I of frequency andintensity of the modulating:

voltage. A related object i to produce effective frequency modulation even'at very-low modulating frequencies, including D. C. and step wave modulating voltage.

It is a common practice to produce frequency modulation with the use of an oscillator by varying the oscillating frequency in'accordance with variationso'f a controlling or modulating'voltage. This has been'done, fo'r'example', by varyin the reactance of a tank circuit of an 'oscillatorin accordance with the'modulating source, so that the oscillator frequency is-varied at a rate proportional to the modulating frequency'and'by an amount proportional to the amplitude of-the modulating voltage. Such prior systems have had' inherent complications and havebe'en subject to the disadvantage'that' their central car- I rier frequency could not readily be stabilized, or

they would not respond'well at very-10 frequeri cies'or at D. C. modulating or 'co'ntrolling volt-- ages. For example, when frequency'modulation has been produced by varying the "r'eactance' in the tank circuit of an oscillator','it"hasnot'been practical"to use an oscillator of themoststabilizedfrequencytype such as the crystal controlled oscillator, because it has not been practical to vary the frequency established by the crystal;

In accordance with the present invention, the

disadvantages of the previously described frequency modulation systems ar overcome by provision of a relatively simple system capable of a highly stabilized central carrier frequency and capable of modulation over a wide range of modu lating voltage intensity and frequency, including.

even D. C. modulating voltage. I

The; invention is carried out by provision in a circuit of the oscillator, of an'automaticswitching arrangement for effectively switching ar'eactance element in and out of circuit with the 'oscillator, at the rate 0f the carrier frequency. For the automaticv switching arrangement. there is preferablyv useda pair ,of non-linear imped ances or. impedance paths; such as rectifiers, effectively in parallel with. ach other, and with their directions of forward conductivity opposed to eachother. Thepair ofnon-linear impedance paths is connected in series with the said re-.

actance, element so that the reactance element has some control of the frequency of the oscillator. The modulating voltage controls the time intervals during the oscillator voltagecycle when the non-linear impedance elements are eflective y to switch the reactance elementfinto theI:s i lator; circuit. Preferably the reactance element is a capacity.

Bythis novel system, thecontrolling effect'of V themodulatingvoltage is applied to the oscillator circuit through the two. non-linear imped ances; alternately, at and near the, peaks of the oscillator voltage.

While the use .of two non-linear. impedances or impedancepaths, correlated las indicated above,

i preferred, frequencymodulation could also be. had bythe use-of a single non-linear elementor path, with provision for a complete path forflow,

of the uni-directional. current component devel:

oped at thenon-linear impedance. z

The oscillator is preferably of a fixed-frequen cy'type-,for example, a type controlled by a piezoe electriccrystal, although itshould be understood 7 that other types of oscillators couldbe used if.

desired. I

The foregoing and otherfeatures and advan- I tages of my invention willbe better understood from thefollowing detailed description and the accompanying drawings of which:

Fig; l isaschematic Wiring diagram showing'a frequencymodulation system accordingto this invention;

Fig; 2 shows a modulation'portion'ofa system-- which may be substituted for the modulation-portion in Fig; 1; I

Fig. -3"shows a balanced form modulation:

the modu.

portion whichmay be substituted for lation portion shown in Fig. 1;

Fig; 4 'illustratesa bridge type of modulationportion which may be used insteadzof that in' Fig.1; 5 Fig.- -5'shows another bridge type of modulation portion Fig. 1;"

Fig. 6 shows a form of modulation portion con- 8 taining only a single non-linear impedance path which may be used in place ofthe modulationportion of Fig.1;

Fig; '7 shows a modulation portion using a vac uum tube which maybe 'used'in pla'ceof the modulation portion of Fig.1;

Fig; 8illustrates a formof oscillator system which may be 'used'insteadof that'shown' in Fig. 1;

Fig. 9 illustrates a' characteristic curve of-the non linear' im'pedanc'es which maybe usedin the circuits of this invention; and

Fig. 10 shows a frequency modulation'characteristic produced by'the'inve'ntion.

Referring to'Fig. l, 'the carrierirequency 0s cillator"comprises a vacuum tube I which is" shown as the three-electrode type having a cath ode" 2, a controlgrid 3, and an anode '4; and a condenser 5: is connected' between the cathodeand anode; that'is; between'te'rminals 6 and! which which may be used instead, "of that of constitute the output terminals of the oscillator. Between the cathode and the control grid, there are connected a resistor 8 and capacity 9, in parallel with each other; and the frequency of the oscillator is established by a piezo-electric crystal I and the loading of the modulating circuit connected across the reactance 9 between the cathode and control grid. Anode voltage is supplied in a conventional manner from a D. C; voltage source +B.

The oscillator thus far described is a known type having no frequency-determining tankclrcuit, but having its normal frequency established principally by the crystal I0.

Frequency modulation of the oscillations is produced by the addition of-a reactance element, namely a condenser I I which is preferably of the adjustable type, as indicated. The condenser is connected from the grid 3 in series with a rectifier I2; and the side of the rectifierremote from the condenser is connected with the cathode 2, so that the series-arranged condenser II and rectifier I2 are effectively between the grid and cathode of the oscillator and across the'capacity 9 which comprises reactance in the grid-cathode. circuit of the oscillator. Although the frequency of the oscillator is established primarily by the crystal I0, the oscillator frequency is subject to some variation from the crystal frequency by variation of the reactance in the grid-cathode circuit. In parallel with the rectifier I2 there is connected another arm comprising a rectifier 3 in series with a resistor I4 across which is connected a condenser I5; In operation, the resistor I4 has flowing through it a current from the modulation source of voltage connectedacross it at terminals Ifiand I7, and also a current resulting from rectification of theimpressed oscillator voltage. The elements I2, I3, I4 and I5 thus comprise a rectifier system across reactance in the grid-cathode circuit of the oscillator.

The rectifiers I2 and I3 are half-wave rectifiersand are preferably of the crystal type, such as germanium, having a non-linear conductivity characteristic with a high front to back resistance ratio, andaforward resistance that is very low compared to the reactance of condenser I I at the oscillator frequency. Thedirections of forward conductivity of the rectifiers are opposite to each other'withreferenceto current flowing from condenser II. Thus during a portion of one-half cycle. of the oscillator frequency, rectifier I2 is relatively conductive, and during a portion of the other one-half cycle of oscillator frequency rectifier I3 is relatively conductive.

Condenser I5 and resistor I4 comprise a load circuit for rectifiers I2 and I3. In actual operation in my system the oscillator section is operated at a sufliciently high voltage level so that there appears a rectified and filtered D. C. voltage across load circuit I4 and I5, which will usually equal some value between twice the R. M. S. value and twice the peak value of the oscillator voltage appearing across rectifier I2.

The voltage due to the charge accumulated on condensers I5 and II acts as a self-developed bias, which renders diodes I2 and I3 non-conductive during an appreciable part of the time. However, alternately during a portion of each one-half cycle, the instantaneous value of voltage supplied by the oscillator exceeds the self-developed bias, and renders one rectifier or the other conductive. During the conductive periods, the grid-cathode, circuit of the, oscilator is effectivelyloaded. by the reactance of condenser II. During non-conducting periods, condenser II is effectively disconnected from the oscillator cir- 'cuit. The average repetition frequency of the oscillation is thus altered in accordance with the length of time during each cycle for which tiie rectifiers are conducting. The resulting wave form will be somewhat distorted from that of a pure S1118 wave.

If now a modulating voltage is impressed across I4 and I5 in addition to the self-developed bias described above, the duration of periods of rectifier conduction Will be altered, and accordingiy, the fraction of each cycle during which the oscillator is loaded by the reactance of condenser II. Thus'the frequency of the oscillator will change in response to changes in the applied modulating voltage. To a first approximation the frequency deviation will be proportional to the magnitude of applied modulating vo1tage,,

To a smaller extent the frequency QBVlZltlOIl will also be a function of the rate of change of applied, modulating voltage. This latter eilect (which is generally most prominent for higher, frequency components of the modulating voltage) can be largely compensated for by appropriate corrective filter networks placed in the input circuit through which the modulatingvoltage is applied.

In the arrangement of Fig. 1, the polarity of rectifiers I2 and I3 can be both reversed with respect to the polarities indicated in the figure; and the system will still be operative. The direction of forward conductivity of the two rectifiers should, however, be maintained opposite to each other relative to the voltage from the oscillator.

The elements shown within the dotted rectangle I8 represent the elements of the oscillator part of the system, while the elements within the other dotted rectangle I9 represent the elements of the modulating part of, the system. It should be understood that some other form of oscillator than the particular form illustrated may be used; although the fullest advantage of the invention will generally be experienced when the oscillator is of the crystal-controlled, non-tank-circuit type of which an example is shown in Fig. 1.

Although a considerablev choice of circuit elements is permissible in keeping with good design practice and also dependent largely on the frequencies used and the purpose of the system, the following set of approximate values has been found useful in'designing thesystem of Fig. 1 for a central oscillation frequency of about 3370 kilocycles per second:

Triode A 7F8 tube Capacity 5 mmf. Resistor 8 60,000 ohms Capacity 9 10 mmf. Capacity II 100 mmf. I Rectifiers I2 and I3 Type 1N34 diodes Resistor I4 15,000 ohms Capacity I5 .005 mf.

In practice, resistor I4 will usually be adjusted somewhat to set up a good linear operation, as will be-more fully ind cated hereinafter.

The modulation portion of the system may be varied somewhat, withinthe scope of the inven tion. Although germanium-type rectifiers are generally preferred, the circuits of the present invention are not necessarily limited to germanium rectifiers. Some other type of non-linear circuit element may be employed in lieu of elements I2 and I3, in the various uses to which the system is applicable. For example, the nonlinear elements may be vacuum diode. triode or multi-element tubes, gaseous diode, triode or multi-element tubes, thermistors, or varistors. In some high voltage applications, it may be possible to employ spark gaps and in some small frequency applications, it may be possible to employ vibrator contacts controlled by the oscillation frequency. An example of a variation in the arrangement of Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2 which shows a modulation portion within the dotted rectangle |9a which may be substituted for the elements within the rectangle IQ of Fig. 1. The principal difierence of Fig. 2 from Fig. 1 lies in the substitution of vacuum tube diode type rectifiers |2a and |3a respectively, i place of the rectifiers |2 and I3 of Fig. 1.

The invention is not limited to use of the particular modulation arrangement shown in Figs. 1 and 2, but instead, other forms of modulation portions may be used if desired. Fig. 3, for example, shows a modulation portion within dotted rectangle |9b which may be used in place of the elements within rectangle IQ of Fig. 1. A difference between the system of Fig. 3 and the corresponding portions of Figs. 1 and 2 resides in the use of a balanced circuit in Fig. 3. Instead of the single resistor l4 of Fig. 2, there is provided in the arrangement of Fig. 3 a pair of equal resistors |4a and l4b, connected respectively in series with rectifiers I2 and I3. Across the respective resistors [4a and |4b there are connected equal condensers |5a and |5b, these corresponding to the condenser l5 of Fig. 2. The lower ends of resistors I la and |4b are tied together by a connector 20; and their upper ends are connected to the opposite sides of the secondary winding 2| of a transformer whose primary winding 22 is connected across the terminals l6 and I1.

The circuit of Fig. 3 is essentially a bridge circuit adapted for use with A. C. modulating voltage at terminals l6, II. A more general form of the arrangement of Fig. 3-is shown in Fig. 4 which would allow the use of either D. C. or A. C. modulating voltage.

The balanced circuit arrangements of Figs. 3 and 4 operate in a manner similar'to that just explained for Figs. 1 and 2. The principal difference is that in Figs. 3 and 4, rectifiers l2 and I3 are rendered conductive alternately through condensers I51: and |5b. This places condenser intermittently across condenser 9, alternately through the two rectifiers. As in Figs. 1 and 2, the condensers l5a and I5?) are of negligible reactance at the oscillator frequency as compared with the reactance of condenser Fig-5 illustrates a modified arrangement of the bridge form in which non-linear impedances or rectifiers are placed in all four bridge arms, these rectifiers being numbered 4|], 4|, 42v and 43, re-

spectively. In this arrangement, the load resistance'44 corresponding to resistance l4 of .Fig. 1 is placed, across two opposite bridge terminals; and the condenser 45 lay-passes the highfrequency component in the same manner asexplained in connection with condenser l5. Pref-f erably, chokes 46and 41 areplaced in the leads between the terminals of the transformer secondary winding 2| and the resistance 44. v

In the operation of Fig. 5, the action of the non-linear'impedances is the same as has been previously explained excepting that the alternate conductance of the elements occurs in opposite pairs. elements 4| and 43 are conductive with current flow through resistor 44; and duringa succeed-.-

That is to say,'during one time interval .ance modulating voltage source.

ing time interval the opposite elements 40 and 42 are conductive with the current flow through resistor 44 in the same direction. Thus. condenser II is in efiect placed intermittently across condenser 9 alternately through the two opposite pairs of rectifiers.

The several embodiments thus far described have been in the preferred form in which the reactance element II is placed across the reactance (condenser 9) of the oscillator circuit alternately through two paths each comprising a non-linear impedance. It is possible, however, to connect the condenser I across the reactance of the oscillator circuit through a single path containing the non-linear impedance. Such an arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 6 wherein a single rectifier or non-linear impedance element 48 is used in place of the two non-linear impedances l2 and |3 of Fig. 1, or of the non-linear impedances in the other preceding figures. To provide a complete path for the unidirectional current developed at the non-linear impedance 48, there is provided an inductance 49 connected between the upper side of the rectifier 48 and the lower side of the resistance l4 so that there is a direct current path through elements 48, 49 and I4. Preferably a resistance 50 is also connected in series with inductance 49 to provide some damping and thus prevent any undesirable resonance effects which may develop due to the inductance.

In the operation of Fig. 6; rectification occurs only at intervals Within alternate half cycles of the oscillator; otherwise the operation is similar to that described in connection with the preceding figures.

A variation of the arrangement shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is illustrated in Fig. '7 which is particularly applicable for use with a high imped- In this arrangement, instead of using a resistor such as M in Fig. 1 there is used a vacuum tube 5| in the form of a triode having a cathode 52, a control grid 53 and an anode 54. 'If desired, anode operating voltage can be supplied through some suitable voltage source such as B through a resistance 56 together with an isolating condenser 58; however, it may not always be necessary to use this B voltage, as the charge accumulated on condenser I5 from the rectification may furnish suitable anode voltage for the tube. In the latter case, resistance 56 and voltage B may be omitted and the condenser shorted out. Suitable grid bias can be supplied from a source C through a grid leak resistor 51. In this arrangement, the impedance across terminals l6, IT can be made high and changes in modulation voltage will have the effect of changing the cathode-anode resistance of the tube to effect the modulation. In the arrangement of Fig. 7, the direction of forward conductivity of the rectifier l3 should be placed to be the same as the direction of conductivity between the anode and cathode of tube 5|.

' The invention is not limited to crystal controlled type oscillators such as is illustrated in Fig.1, but is also useful in connection with other types 'of'oscillators such as the feedback type. Fig. '8, for example, illustrates-a.well known feedback form of oscillaton'shown within-the dotted rectangle 18a; which maybe used-instead of that,- shown within rectangle |8.-in Fig.1. This com-.

prisesthe-triode' tube| having'electrodes 2,-3 and 4, the anode voltage being supplied from a D. C. voltage source 28in series with a choke: 29. The oscillatory system comprises a conden-- a sagsi tancel3l.connected frornthe anode back tothe grid,.in series with a condenser 35. A tap 32 of the inductance is connected to the cathode so that part, of the inductance is in the anodecathode circuit and the other partis in thegridcathodecircuit. with mutual inductancebetween the two portions toprovide the feedback. The inductance is tuned by a condenser 34 connected across it; and in accordance with good practice, a resistor.35 is;connected fromthe grid to the point betweenrcondenser 35 and inductance 3|.

It is well known how to design an oscillator such as. that of Fig. 8. The following values are given as an example of a particular design of oscillator-adjusted for an os cillation frequency of about 2490 kilocycles per second when loaded with the modulation circuit.

Vacuum tube A'7F8 tube (half section-only) Capacity, 30 .004 mi.

Inductance 3L--. .025 millihenry Capacity 34 89 mmf.

Capacity 36 100 mmf.

Resistor 35 60,000 ohms It is not at the present time entirely clear in every detail just how this system produces its frequency modulation effect. The instantaneous relationships between currents and voltages in various parts of the circuit are quite complicated in nature, and are difiicult to predict by theoretical analysis alone. Suffice it to say, the system has been thoroughly tested and it has been found that it frequency modulates the os-,

cillations with good fidelity, over a wide range of modulating frequency and amplitude. Although a complete or positive theory of all the conditions which occur in the system during operation are not positively known, its operation is believed to be somewhat in accordance with the following explanation, although it is not wished to be bound by this theory.

Crystal'rectifiers such as germanium type used as the rectifiers l2 and iii in Fig. l havea voltage-current characteristic in the form shown-in Fig. 9, and dry plate rec'tifiers are similar; that is, when the voltage is in the reverse direction of the rectifier, a very small back current flows in the reverse direction as indicated at the ne tive voltage side. of the graph; but when the voltage increases. in th forward direction, the current rapidly increases as shown at the positive side of the graph. Accordingly, during thoseintervals in the cycles of the oscillator when the instantaneous. voltages across recitfier l2 are in its forward direction, its resistance is very low, and condenser H is effectively connectedacross condenser 9. During the remaining parts of the cycles, however, the resistance of rectifier !2 becomes very high and substantially prevents current flow through it. During these latter parts of the cycles, there occur the intervals during which rectifier I3 is relatively conductive ;so as to place condenser ll effectively in series with rectifier I3 and condenser is. The net effect of these alternate intermittent connections of con-.

denser ll first across condenser 9 through rectifier l2 and then across condenser 9 through the other rectifier I3 is apparently to produce a distortion in the oscillator wave form which alters the width of each oscillation cycle according to the portion of the cycle during which con: denser II is connected across condenser 9. Inasmuch as the value of modulating voltage determines the portion of th oscillator cycle during offeach oscillation'cycle-and thus the frequency of oscillation.

The frequency variation characteristic dueto. this action is represented by Fig. 10 which shows.

how the oscillator frequency varies in accordancewith variation of an applied voltage E across the resistor M, an increased voltage E increasing the oscillator frequency, and a, decreased voltage E decreasing the oscillator frequency. Thisapplied voltage E may be either a D. C. voltage due to abattery or the likeor it may represent instantaneous values of A. C. voltage connected across terminals I6 and H.

Ordinarily it will be desirable to adjust the central frequency of the oscillator, when no modulation voltage is present, to lie at the middle of the linear part of the'curve of Fig. 10.

This is indicated by the point p in the figure The adjustment can be made by adjustment of,

the value of the load resistance, namely M, or Ma and Mb, or 44, or the vacuum tube of Fig. 7. Alternately, an adjustable D. C. voltage or battery in series with the load resistor and rec tifiers could be used for the adjustment. Or

again, some other expedient, such as a connective network, might be used to establish the center point.

Regardless of the particular theory or man-v ner in which the frequency modulation is produced, the invention has been demonstrated to have marked advantages over previously known forms of frequency modulation H systems. An outstanding advantage is the simplicity of the circuit arrangement and avoidance of many of the filament. and anode voltage supply sources,

heretofore used with the reactance tubes of such systems. A further important advantage is the frequency stability. of the carrier frequency which can be obtained for the oscillator of the system. A further very important advantage resides in the wide range of frequency modulation of the oscillator, together with goodlinearity, that is, proportionality of frequency variation with amplitude of modulation voltage.

I claim: 7

l. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator having a circuit containing a reactance, the variation of which varies the frequency of the oscillator, a modulating system connected across said reactance, said modulating system comprising a reactance element in series with two parallel paths each of which contains a non-linear impedance, and one of the paths containing a resistance across which a bias volt: age is developed from the oscillator, a source of modulating voltage across said resistance, the direction of forward conductivity of the two non-linear impedances being opposed to each other with reference to said oscillator circuit.

2. A frequency modulation system according to claim 1 in which the non-linear impedances are rectifiers.

3. A frequency modulation system according to claim 1 in which the non-linear impedances are crystal rectifiers.

4. A frequency modulation system according to claim 1 in which the non-linear impedances are diode rectifiers.

5. A frequency modulation system according to claim 1 in which the reactance element is a condenser.

6. A frequency modulation system comprising,

an oscillator of the crystal-controlled type and having a circuit containing a reactance the variation of which varies the frequency of the oscillator, a modulating system connected across said reactance, said modulating system comprising a reactance element in series with two parallel paths, each of said paths containing arectifier presenting a much lower impedance in one I direction than in the other direction, and the direction of lower impedance of the two rectifiers being opposed to each other with reference to the reactance element, a parallel arranged capacity and resistance in series with one of said rectifiers in one of said paths whereby a bias voltage is developed from the oscillator across said resistance, and means for connecting a source of modulating voltage across said resistance.

7. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator having a tuned circuit containing reactance the variation of which varies the frequency of the oscillator, a modulating system connected across at least part of said tuned circuit, said modulating system comprising a reactance element in series with two parallel paths, each of said paths containing a non-linear impedance, a substantially non-reactive load resistance in parallel with a condenser, said parallel arranged condenser and resistance being in series with the non-linear impedance in one of said paths whereby a bias voltage is developed from the oscillator across said load resistance, and a source of modulating voltage across said load resistance, the direction of forward conductivity of the two non-linear impedances being opposed to each other with reference to the reactance element, whereby the reactance element is effectively connected across said tuned circuit part alternately through the two nonlinear impedances and at the frequency of said oscillator.

8. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator having a circuit containing a reactance the variation of which varies the frequency of the oscillator, a modulating system connected across at least a portion of said circuit, said modulating system comprising a reactance element in series with two parallel paths each of which contains a rectifier the directions of conductivity of which are opposed to each other with reference to said oscillator circuit. one of said paths containing in series with its rectifier the parallel arrangement of a resistance and a condenser, and a source of modulating voltage connected across the resistance.

,"9. Afrequency modulation system comprising an oscillator ,having a circuit the variation of whose reactance varies the frequency of the oscillator; a modulating system connected across said circuit, said modulating system comprising a'reactance element in series with two parallel paths. each of said paths containing a rectifier presenting a much lower impedance in one direction than in the other direction and the direction of lower impedance of the two rectifiers' being opposed to each other with reference" to the reactance element, an impedance in series with each rectifier and at the side thereof remote from said reactance element,

the sides of said impedances remote from the rctifiers being connected together and to the oscillator circuit, and a source of modulating voltage connected between the junction which one rectifier makes with the impedance in series,

therewith and the Junction which the other rectifier makes with the impedance in series thereimpedances in series with the two rectifiers are of equal value.

11. A system according to claim 9 in which each impedance in series with its associated rectifier comprises a resistance in parallel with a condenser which is of negligibly small reactance at the oscillator frequency.

12. A system according to claim 9 in which the two rectifiers and the two impedances are arranged in a bridge circuit, one pair of opposite terminals of which are connected in series through the reactance element and across the oscillator circuit. and the conjugate pair of opposite terminals of which are adapted for connection to the source of modulating voltage.

13. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator whose frequency is variable with change of reactance across a circuit thereof, a rectifier system comprising a non-linear impedance in series with a substantially nonreactive resistive load which is shunted by a condenser, said rectifier system being connected across said reactance, said non-linear impedance developing a unidirectional bias voltage across said load in response. to the voltage from the oscillator, and a source of modulation voltage connected across said resistive load.

14. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator whose frequency is variable with change of reactance across a circuit thereof, a rectifier system comprising a non-linear impedance in series with a substantially nonreactive resistive load which is shunted by a condenser, a reactance element in series with said rectifier system, the series arranged reactance element and rectifier system being connected across the reactance, said non-linear impedance developing a unidirectional bias voltage due to the oscillator voltage across the nonlinear impedance, and a source of modulation voltage connected across said resistive load.

15. A frequency modulation system comprising an oscillator having a circuit, the variation of whose reactance varies the frequency of the oscillator, a reactance element connected across said circuit, said reactance element being connected in series with two opposite terminals of a bridge, said bridge having four arms 'witih a non-linear impedance in each arm, and a load resistance connected across the two opposite terminals of the bridge, the direction of conductivity of the non-linear impedances in the oppositebridge arms being the same, and a source of modulating voltage connected across said load impedance.

MARCUS A. MCCOY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,077,223 Crosby Apr. 13, 1937 2,374,000 Crosby Apr. 17, 1945 7 2,461,307 Antalek Feb.'8, 1949 2,469,837 Mohr May 10, 1949 2,559,023 McCoy July 3, 1951 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 561,322 Great Britain May 15, 1944 

